Set-Off and Counter-Claim under Order VIII CPC
Turning Defence into Offence in Civil Litigation Introduction In civil litigation, a defendant is not always confined to merely resisting the
Written Statement under Order VIII CPC – Requirements, Timelines and Strategic Defences
Introduction Once a plaint is admitted and summons is served, the next crucial stage in a civil suit is the filing
Return of Plaint under Order VII Rule 10 CPC – When the Court Lacks Jurisdiction
Introduction Not every defect in a civil suit results in rejection. Sometimes, the court does not question the validity of the
Rejection of Plaint under Order VII Rule 11 CPC – Grounds, Judicial Approach and Litigation Strategy
Introduction Not every civil suit proceeds to trial. Some suits are terminated at the very threshold — not because the facts
The Plaint under Order VII of the Code of Civil Procedure – Essential Contents and Common Drafting Errors
Introduction Every civil suit begins and stands on the strength of one document—the plaint. It is not merely a formality or
Institution of Civil Suits under the Code of Civil Procedure – When and How a Suit Is Properly Filed
Introduction After determining jurisdiction—subject-matter, territorial, and pecuniary—the next crucial step in civil litigation is the institution of the suit. A civil
Pecuniary Jurisdiction under the Code of Civil Procedure – How Suit Valuation Determines the Proper Court
Introduction Even when a civil court has subject-matter jurisdiction and territorial jurisdiction, a suit may still fail if it is filed
Territorial Jurisdiction under the Code of Civil Procedure – Sections 16 to 20 CPC Explained with Practical Insight
Introduction Once it is established that a civil court has jurisdiction to try a suit under Section 9 CPC, the next
Jurisdiction of Civil Courts under the CPC – Understanding Section 9 – “Suits of a Civil Nature”
Introduction One of the first and most decisive questions in any civil dispute is whether a civil court has jurisdiction to
Structure of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 – Understanding Sections, Orders and Rules
Introduction For anyone new to civil litigation, the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC) can appear intimidating. With numerous sections, orders,